Wednesday, October 31, 2012

HMS Bounty casualty claimed tie to mutinous Fletcher Christian

When Claudene Christian applied earlier this year for a spot as a mate on the famous tall ship replica of the HMS Bounty, she probably had a little edge: Her family claimed a historical connection to the original ship via Fletcher Christian, who had instigated the 1789 mutiny that propelled the Bounty and its crew into maritime history and Hollywood fantasy.

In an almost inexplicable twist on that family legacy, Ms. Christian is so far the only confirmed casualty from the loss of the 1962 replica, which sank Monday off Cape Hatteras, N.C., in the high seas wrought by hurricane Sandy. The captain of the HMS Bounty, Robin Walbridge, remains missing, though the US Coast Guard has not given up the search.

Maritime historians say the Bounty story as told by Hollywood ? the heroic Christian versus the evil Captain Bligh ? created a false reality, as actors such as Errol Flynn, Clark Gable, Marlon Brando, and Mel Gibson all portrayed Christian. To some, Ms. Christian's death at sea seems almost as surreal, a bizarre series of events that reads like a Hollywood script.

IN PICTURES: Sandy: the perfect storm

?If there had been no movies, there would have been no replica [of the Bounty], and if there had been no replica there would have been no [Claudene] Christian aboard, so there?s this confluence of pop culture, history, and tragedy? overshadowing the Bounty?s demise, says Edward Willett, author of ?The Bounty Mutiny: From the Court Case to the Movie."

In her 40s and with little sailing background, Christian appeared to revel in her adventures on the seas, according to news reports. ?I am in LOVE with my ship ? BOUNTY,? she wrote on Twitter in July. Earlier, in June, she had tweeted: ?I had a tough day, lost in the sails But it was sunny, warm & I am on a TALL SHIP AT SEA. It's a 'Bountyful' life.?

Christian had indicated in interviews that she relished her family?s connection to the Bounty and its legacy, which she said included maritime reforms of how captains could treat their crews. After talking to some of the replica?s builders in Halifax, Nova Scotia, this past summer, Christian told a local reporter that ?it?s so good for me to see them, and maybe it?s because I?m so attached to the Bounty because I?m Claudene Christian.?

She also informed a Nova Scotia Herald News reporter that, ?I was at the helm the first week and said, ?Captain, are you sure you?re comfortable having a Christian at the helm?' I wasn?t sure if he got my joke.?

According to her LinkedIn page, Christian ran a company called Cheerleader Doll Co. that made doll replicas of university cheer squad members, and she listed herself as a partner at Hermosa Beach?s Dragon Bar.

When Fletcher Christian?s complex story of treachery was turned into the 1962 Hollywood film starring Marlon Brando as Christian, the studio built a near-exact replica of the original Bounty, using original 18th-century drawings from the Royal Navy. Moored until the 1980s in St. Petersburg, Fla., the ship in recent years had served an educational role while continuing to appear in movies, including in the "Pirates of the Caribbean" franchise. The Bounty was on the way to Florida when it sank.

The setting of the wreck in treacherous waters off Cape Hatteras and the fact that there was a Christian aboard reminded some historians of the Bounty?s peculiar journey, its popular appeal, and the ironies of how the ship came to keep plowing the seas.

?Fletcher Christian sets in motion ? the mutiny on the ship, they head off to Tahiti, load up with mutineers and Tahitians, and settle Pitcairn Island, and at the end they burn the Bounty,? says Sal Mercogliano, a former merchant marine who is now a maritime historian at Campbell University, in Buies Creek, N.C. ?When they made the [movie] remake in 1962, in the end they?re supposed to burn the ship, but Brando refused to have the ship burned and said he wouldn?t work on the movie if they burned it. So Brando keeps the ship alive and now the ship becomes the vehicle that Claudene can sail on later on down the road."

The US Coast Guard on Monday rescued 14 of Bounty?s sailors out of lifeboats, but did not find Christian, who was wearing a survival suit, until 10 hours after the ship went down. She was unresponsive and could not be revived.

A debate is raging over why Captain Walbridge decided to brave the hurricane off the Atlantic Coast?s most treacherous cape, where more than 1,000 ships have been sunk since the 16th century.

RECOMMENDED: Hurricane insurance: Do you have it? Need it? Six things to know.

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Source: http://news.yahoo.com/hms-bounty-casualty-claimed-tie-mutinous-fletcher-christian-212319253.html

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Folding funnels key to biomimicry

ScienceDaily (Oct. 31, 2012) ? Proteins are able to self-assemble into a wide range of highly ordered structures that feature a diverse array of properties. Through biomimicry -- technological innovation inspired by nature -- humans hope to emulate proteins and produce our own version of self-assembling molecules. A key to accomplishing this is understanding how protein-folding -- a process critical to the form and function of a protein -- is extended from individual proteins to complex assemblies.

Researchers with the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE)'s Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (Berkeley Lab) have now shown that a concept widely accepted as describing the folding of a single individual protein is also applicable to the self-assembly of multiple proteins. Their findings provide important guidelines for future biomimicry efforts, particularly for device fabrication and nanoscale synthesis.

"We've made the first direct observations that the concept of a folding funnel with kinetic energy traps for individual proteins can be equally applied to the assembly of ordered protein structures," says Jim DeYoreo, a scientist with the Molecular Foundry, a DOE nanoscience center at Berkeley Lab, who led this research along with Berkeley Lab chemist Carolyn Bertozzi. "Our results tell us that efforts to discover and codify the design rules for the self-assembly of complex molecular systems will have to take into account the impact of kinetic traps associated with conformational transformations."

DeYoreo and Bertozzi are the corresponding authors of a paper published by the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS) that reported this research.?

Proteins are essentially biomolecular nanomachines capable of performing numerous tasks because of their ability to fold themselves into a multitude of shapes and forms. When individual proteins self-assemble into ordered structures the resulting ensemble often adopts conformations that are quite distinct from those of the individual components.

"For example, collagen matrices, which constitute the organic scaffolds of bones and teeth, are constructed from triple helices of individual collagen monomers," DeYoreo says. "These helices will further assemble into highly organized twisted fibrils that exhibit a pseudohexagonal symmetry."

The folding funnel concept explains individual protein folding on the basis of conformational changes to reach a state of minimal free energy. An unfolded protein starts out in a state of high free energy that makes its conformation unstable. Initially, there are a number of possible three-dimensional conformations that would reduce this free energy. However, as the protein starts to fold, the free energy begins to drop and the number of possible conformations begins to decrease like the shrinking width of a funnel. The bottom of the funnel is reached when free energy is minimized and there is only one available conformation. As the free energy drops, however, there may be kinetic traps along the way that can stop the folding process and hold the protein in partially folded conformations, known as molten globules and folding intermediates, for extended periods of time. Eventually these trapped conformational states will be transformed into a stable conformation but the shape and form of that final conformation is influenced by the kinetic traps.

"In a protein folding funnel, the funnel walls are presumed not to be smooth and the resulting bumps and valleys define kinetic traps," DeYoreo says. "This physical picture of folding has been explored in some detail at the single molecule level, but has not been considered for protein self-assembly into extended architectures even though conformational transformations are part and parcel of the self-assembly process."

DeYoreo, Bertozzi and their colleagues took steps to correct this knowledge deficit by studying the surface-layer (S-layer) proteins that self-assemble into a crystalline membrane around the single cells of bacteria and Archaea. This outer membrane serves as the first point of contact between the microbe and its environment and is key to the microbe's ability to survive. Using in situ Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), the researchers imaged in real time and at the molecular level kinetic trapping during the 2D self-assembly of S-layer protein structures on mica surfaces.

"We observed that self-assembly of S-layer proteins tracks along two different pathways, one leading directly to the low-energy final, ordered state, and the other leading to a kinetic trap occupied by a long-lived transient state that is more disordered," DeYoreo says. "Although either state is easily accessible during crystal nucleation, if the system falls into the high-energy state, escape to the final, low-energy state is strongly impeded at room temperature. This demonstrates the importance of kinetic traps in determining the pathway of S-layer crystallization and suggests that the concept of folding funnels is equally valid for self-assembly of extended protein structures."

This research was supported by the DOE Office of Science.

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The above story is reprinted from materials provided by DOE/Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory.

Note: Materials may be edited for content and length. For further information, please contact the source cited above.


Journal Reference:

  1. S.-H. Shin, S. Chung, B. Sanii, L. R. Comolli, C. R. Bertozzi, J. J. De Yoreo. Direct observation of kinetic traps associated with structural transformations leading to multiple pathways of S-layer assembly. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2012; 109 (32): 12968 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1201504109

Note: If no author is given, the source is cited instead.

Disclaimer: Views expressed in this article do not necessarily reflect those of ScienceDaily or its staff.

Source: http://feeds.sciencedaily.com/~r/sciencedaily/~3/kyl302ZQNnM/121031161042.htm

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Halloween-colored lobster caught off Mass. coast

This image released by the New England Aquarium shows a one-pound female lobster, known as a "split," that was caught by a Massachusetts fisherman last week and arrived at the aquarium in Boston, Wednesday, Oct. 31, 2012. Officials say such rare Halloween coloration is estimated to occur once in every 50 million lobsters. (AP Photo/New England Aquarium, Emily Bauernseind)

This image released by the New England Aquarium shows a one-pound female lobster, known as a "split," that was caught by a Massachusetts fisherman last week and arrived at the aquarium in Boston, Wednesday, Oct. 31, 2012. Officials say such rare Halloween coloration is estimated to occur once in every 50 million lobsters. (AP Photo/New England Aquarium, Emily Bauernseind)

This image released by the New England Aquarium shows a one-pound female lobster, known as a "split," that was caught by a Massachusetts fisherman last week and arrived at the aquarium in Boston Wednesday, Oct. 31, 2012. Officials say such rare Halloween coloration is estimated to occur once in every 50 million lobsters. (AP Photo/New England Aquarium, Emily Bauernseind)

This image released by the New England Aquarium shows a one-pound female lobster, known as a "split," that was caught by a Massachusetts fisherman last week and arrived at the aquarium in Boston, Wednesday, Oct. 31, 2012. Officials say such rare Halloween coloration is estimated to occur once in every 50 million lobsters. (AP Photo/New England Aquarium, Emily Bauernseind)

(AP) ? A Massachusetts fisherman has caught a creepy-looking lobster that's colored to match Halloween.

The New England Aquarium says the 1-pound female lobster has an orange side and a black side, with the colors split perfectly down the middle.

Marine officials say such coloration is estimated to occur once in every 50 million lobsters.

The fisherman who caught the seasonally colored crustacean in a trap last week is from Beverly, a seaside community 20 miles northeast of Boston.

The rare lobster is known as a split. Aquarium officials said Wednesday splits have been caught in Maine, Rhode Island and Nova Scotia in the last 10 years.

Associated Press

Source: http://hosted2.ap.org/APDEFAULT/aa9398e6757a46fa93ed5dea7bd3729e/Article_2012-10-31-Halloween%20Lobster/id-81745211826843c782160246649c10bc

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Holidaysafe Travel Insurance Blog: What to Pack for a Cruise Holiday

If travelling somewhere hot? If Travelling somewhere cold? Light and loose fitting clothing e.g. t-shirts, skirts Hat, scarf, gloves, thick coats and jumpers Remember that the evenings may be cool even in a hot climate, so make sure you pack a few jumpers. Comfortable shoes (for day trips and activities) Activity clothing, e.g. shorts and t-shirts If you will be visiting any religious places or conservative countries, make sure you bring clothes which will cover you and show respect Men ? tuxedo, suit with ties, shirts, polo shirts, chinos Women ? dresses or smart outfits, formal and cocktail dresses or trouser suits Smart shoes to match outfits And don?t forget, for any holiday, you should always pack? Photocopies of your important travel documents and prescriptions (just in case) Travel insurance documents EHIC (if travelling within Europe)

Source: http://blog.holidaysafe.co.uk/2012/10/what-to-pack-for-cruise-holiday.html

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Obama, FEMA hustle federal disaster relief to Sandy's aftermath

WASHINGTON (Reuters) - The U.S. federal agency in charge of disaster relief, under intense pressure to show the Obama administration can quickly respond to the devastation caused by the massive storm Sandy, said it has plenty of cash to deliver timely aid to the millions of people struggling to recover.

The head of the Federal Emergency Management Agency also noted on Tuesday that President Barack Obama fast-tracked funds to areas hardest hit as the agency seeks to prove it can smoothly work with the states to give basic relief, just a week before Election Day.

FEMA director Craig Fugate said on a media call on Tuesday that it was a rare move for Obama to declare New York and New Jersey areas of "major disaster" even as the catastrophe was still unfolding.

That gives those states direct federal financial assistance to individuals, such as owners of homes and businesses, who can apply to FEMA for aid. Obama made another such declaration for Connecticut Tuesday evening.

"This is extraordinary in that generally we do more thorough assessments and it often times will take longer," Fugate told reporters.

Millions of people were left reeling after Sandy crashed ashore on Monday evening in New Jersey. The biggest storm to hit the country in generations left a wide swath of the eastern United States struggling with epic flooding and extensive power outages, and the death toll climbed to at least 45.

The president has also authorized "emergency declarations" for a handful of other states stretching from West Virginia to Massachusetts, and the District of Colombia. These declarations authorize FEMA to coordinate disaster relief efforts and provide a baseline of $5 million in federal help; the states can negotiate for more.

FEMA has a little more than $7 billion that it could quickly access to provide relief to those impacted, and could get ahold of another $11 billion with congressional action.

Fugate, a former paramedic and firefighter who was previously Florida's top emergency management official, said that FEMA has the necessary funds to respond to Sandy.

Fugate gave no indication on Tuesday about how long the cleanup of Sandy damage would take. FEMA is still working on projects from last year's Hurricane Irene, and Sandy appears to have caused billions of dollars in damages -- twice or even three times the losses of Irene, according to catastrophe forecasting companies.

POLITICAL TARGET

FEMA says its roots trace back more than 200 years to the Congressional Act of 1803, considered the first disaster relief law, which gave aid to a New Hampshire town ravaged by a fire.

The agency is generally seen as a coordinating body that provides assistance to first responders, and as a main clearinghouse that gives state and local authorities the money needed to provide for their citizens' basic needs and also rebuild their communities.

Seven years ago, FEMA became a prime political target after the agency and former President George W. Bush were widely maligned for their slow-footed response to Hurricane Katrina.

This time around, even before Sandy had made landfall, former House Speaker Newt Gingrich took a shot at Obama's reaction. He noted on ABC's "This Week" that the president was cancelling campaign events because of Sandy, but had not done so after four Americans were killed in an attack on the U.S. mission in Benghazi, Libya.

In the face of such criticism, Obama is taking a proactive approach, announcing on Tuesday that he plans to visit New Jersey on Wednesday with Republican Governor Chris Christie, a frequent Obama critic who has heavily campaigned for Republican challenger Mitt Romney.

FEMA is also going to great lengths to describe to the public how it plans to help.

Currently more than 1,900 FEMA personnel are working to support disaster response and recovery operations, FEMA said in an extensive press release late Tuesday. These include search and rescue, "situational awareness," communications and logistical support, it said.

At all times FEMA also maintains basic commodities, including millions of liters of water, millions of meals and hundreds of thousands of blankets, the agency's statement said. Many of these commodities have been moved to U.S. military bases on the East Coast to help address Sandy, it said.

Unlike past major disasters, FEMA has considerable resources available to it -- a total of nearly $19 billion.

Fugate has mentioned $3.6 billion in available funds for Sandy. But the congressional aides said that represents only about half of the $7.1 billion appropriated under a six-month, stop-gap funding measure passed in September.

The Obama administration has the authority to bring forward the full $7.1 billion immediately, and adding in money left over from a light disaster year in fiscal 2012, this brings immediate spending capacity to $7.8 billion, they said.

(Reporting by Susan Cornwell and David Lawder, with additional reporting by Anna Yukhananov, Mark Hosenball and Tabassum Zakaria; Editing by Karey Wutkowski and Lisa Shumaker)

Source: http://news.yahoo.com/obama-fema-hustle-federal-disaster-relief-sandys-aftermath-023630736.html

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Sr. Sales Compensation Program Manager Job - Careertopjobs.com

Position Description

This job partners closely with sales, sales operations, finance, marketing, and the human resource team to analyze, design, implement, and administer well aligned sales compensation and total reward programs for the Neuromodulation sector. A successful incumbent will be a knowledge expert in sales compensation and have the ability to make strong, data driven recommendations. Flexibility is also a key job success factor to support a rapidly growing, very dynamic sales organization. This job interacts with various levels of sales management therefore requires excellent communication and presentation skills.

Position Responsibilities

1) Sales Incentive Programs - Lead in design and implementation.
a) Assess various incentive plan designs to align with market pay competitiveness and business strategy.
b) Recommend incentive plan designs.
c) Implement incentive plan designs including program communication to participant groups.
d) Analyze program results and provide recommendations for improvement.
2) Sales incentive administration.
a) Overall knowledge of sales commission system and commission/incentive process
b) Oversee sales commission system conversion.
3) Implement and maintain sales employee performance reporting primarily in support of performance management and incentive program activities:
a) Lead identification of business and reporting requirements.
b) Identify and coordinate resources to architect, design, implement, and maintain systems and processes to produce and distribute sales employee performance reports and other field performance and incentive related reports.
c) Act as knowledge resource and training subject matter expert for relevant in-house and field employees. Lead sales reporting training activities.
d) Ensure regular auditing of sales data and corrective action for data errors or process problems.
4) Program Administration ? In-House Incentives (Long-Term Incentives, Bonus, Merit Pay)
a) Assist in development and execute communication and execution plans for various in-house incentive and recognition programs, to include annual stock, merit and bonus nomination process.
b) Serve as expert resource for informal recognition programs.

Basic Qualifications

? Bachelors Degree
? 10+ years of experience in compensation, HR or finance
? Experience with various data management and reporting systems (i.e., Excel, MS Access. PeopleSoft, Business Objects, or Workforce Analytics
? Experience in sales compensation or general compensation program design

Desired/Preferred Qualifications

? Masters Degree in Industrial Relations, HR Management, Business or related field
? Knowledge expert in program design, communication, implementation, and administration.
? Strong proficiency in mathematical, statistical, and qualitative analysis techniques and tools.
? Excellent oral and written communication skills.
? Ability to work at all levels of management.
? Strong business acumen.
? Experience providing support to one or more client groups including planning activities, communication activities, program support, problem resolution, and employee relations.
? Advanced computer skills including MS Office and Enterprise Applications (e.g., PeopleSoft, Employee/Manager Self-Service)
? Excellent oral and written communication skills.

Physical Job Requirements

The physical demands described within the Responsibilities section of this job description are representative of those that must be met by an employee to successfully perform the essential functions of this job. Reasonable accommodations may be made to enable individuals with disabilities to perform the essential functions.
?While performing the duties of this job, the employee is regularly required to be independently mobile. The employee is also required to interact with a computer, and communicate with peers and co-workers.

REQUIREMENTS - QUALIFICATIONS: Sr. Sales Compensation Program Manager

Source: http://www.careertopjobs.com/clinical-research-job.aspx?job=488254

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Tuesday, October 30, 2012

FX Rogue | Human Organ

Daily, thousands and thousands of trades are created in the currency exchange market place termed Forex trading. The term ?Forex? right stems fx rogue from the start of two phrases ? ?foreign? and ?exchange?. Contrary to other investing devices including the stock industry, Currency trading will not entail the investing of any products, bodily or representative. Rather, Forex trading operates as a result of obtaining, offering, and investing amongst the currencies of assorted economies from worldwide. Since the Currency trading market place is really a international buying and selling process, trades are created twenty-four hours a day, 5 times each week. Additionally, Currency trading isn?t bound by any just one command company, meaning that Foreign exchange would be the only accurate no cost market place financial buying and selling technique out there currently. By leaving the exchange prices outside of any just one group?s palms, it truly is a lot additional tough to even try to manipulate or corner the currency market place. With every one of the positive aspects linked when using the Forex trading method, plus the intercontinental variety of participation, the Fx industry would be the biggest current market while in the full planet.

Everywhere in between one trillion and one.five trillion equivalent America bucks are traded around the Currency trading promote each and every and just about every day.

So relatively than tutorial you via a structured internet site with additional specifics by a variety of sections; they typically make use of this pitch web page plus they usually pack it with info as well as a ton of challenging offering. It has verified to become the craze and it is gotten more difficult and more difficult for a few EAs to industry their computer software with no these kinds of pitch pages. It can be usually the situation with electronic goods and or/stuff you could purchase on the internet. With regards to these make-money-online and Fx internet sites they generally have got a large amount of flash to them and clearly quite a few factors to draw consumers in. In fact it truly is not considerably distinctive from every other sort of marketing, most unquestionably not the likes of other financial systems, and so forth. They ought to have some kind of charm and be aggressive. My summary is usually that whether or not it appears like it may be a rip-off, do your research anyways and it could not be. It just is dependent. Some items are indicators, but in my view internet style and design and challenging offering are usually not immediate symptoms of the rip-off.

Although within the Fx Current market one thing to hope for will be charts and evidence.

Most foreign exchange choices investing is carried out by means of phone as you can find only several foreign exchange brokers presenting on the web currency trading selection investing platforms.

Currency trading Choice Defined ? A forex trading solution can be a economic currency agreement supplying the fx possibility purchaser the correct, although not the obligation, to invest in or market a certain currency trading spot agreement (the fundamental) in a distinct cost (the strike cost) on or just before a particular date (the expiration date). The number the foreign exchange choice purchaser pays to your fx choice seller for your fx alternative agreement legal rights is known as the currency trading choice ?premium.?

The Currency trading Selection Customer ? The purchaser, or holder, of the foreign currency selection has the decision to possibly provide the foreign currency selection agreement before expiration, or she or he can decide to maintain the foreign currency solutions agreement till expiration and workout her or his correct to get a situation within the fundamental spot foreign currency. The act of doing exercises the foreign currency possibility and getting the subsequent fundamental situation within the foreign currency spot current market is called ?assignment? or staying ?assigned? a spot situation.

As I mentioned earlier mentioned, the foreign exchange buying and selling is regarded as among the list of most rewarding and beautiful options for expense as any human being can very easily do at your house or business office and from any section of the globe.

For succeeding the Foreign currency trading, someone is simply not essential to carry out any on the web advertising, advertising and marketing and so on. The sole prerequisite during the Currency trading may be the account that someone is needed to open up with trusted and registered brokers, a pc technique and quickly web relationship.

Now, you?ve got to become watchful when opening a Foreign exchange account with any broker simply because some might be Rip-off. The Commodity Futures Investing Commission (CFTC) in US has jurisdiction through all Futures and Foreign exchange exercise. When buying and selling from the foreign exchange markets, persons ought to only trade which has a CFTC registered entity that?s also a member from the Nationwide Futures Association (NFA) and is particularly controlled through the CFTC. For non-US broker/ lender entities, be certain the broker or financial institution is registered with that country?s suitable regulatory bodies.

The simple most apparent reply is needless to say ? on the web! On the net foreign currency trading offers you immediate accessibility to your fx industry and there is quite a lot and many firms in existence that are in organization simply to offer with you on-line. Be vigilant, do devote time to acquire some excellent currency trading training, once again this may be given on the internet and setup your dummy account to trade in advance of you try to go reside. When you consider treatment and acquire your time, there is no rationale why you should not become successful in fx trading so, have endurance and adhere at it!

Source: http://innsofeurekasprings.com/finance/fx-rogue-2/

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Superstorm Sandy slams into New Jersey coast

Streets are flooded under the Manhattan Bridge in the Dumbo section of Brooklyn, N.Y., Monday, Oct. 29, 2012. Sandy continued on its path Monday, as the storm forced the shutdown of mass transit, schools and financial markets, sending coastal residents fleeing, and threatening a dangerous mix of high winds and soaking rain. (AP Photo/Bebeto Matthews)

Streets are flooded under the Manhattan Bridge in the Dumbo section of Brooklyn, N.Y., Monday, Oct. 29, 2012. Sandy continued on its path Monday, as the storm forced the shutdown of mass transit, schools and financial markets, sending coastal residents fleeing, and threatening a dangerous mix of high winds and soaking rain. (AP Photo/Bebeto Matthews)

A car is submerged in the Dumbo section of the Brooklyn borough of New York, as the East River overflows during hurricane Sandy, on Monday, Oct. 29, 2012. Authorities warned that New York City and Long Island could get the worst of the storm surge: an 11-foot onslaught of seawater that could swamp lower areas of the city. (AP Photo/Bebeto Matthews)

Water floods the street near Layton's Monday, Oct. 29, 2012, in Ocean City, Md. Sandy is combining with a wintry storm from the west and cold air from the Arctic. The superstorm could menace some 50 million people in the nation's most heavily populated corridor, from big East Coast cities to the Great Lakes. (AP Photo/The Daily Times, Laura Emmons) NO SALES

A downed limb lies in a flooded street as Hurricane Sandy approaches, Monday, Oct. 29, 2012, in Center Moriches, N.Y. Hurricane Sandy continued on its path Monday, as the storm forced the shutdown of mass transit, schools and financial markets, sending coastal residents fleeing, and threatening a dangerous mix of high winds and soaking rain.? (AP Photo/Jason DeCrow)

A house is inundated by flood water as Hurricane Sandy approaches, Monday, Oct. 29, 2012, in Center Moriches, N.Y. Hurricane Sandy continued on its path Monday, as the storm forced the shutdown of mass transit, schools and financial markets, sending coastal residents fleeing, and threatening a dangerous mix of high winds and soaking rain.? (AP Photo/Jason DeCrow)

(AP) ? Superstorm Sandy slammed into the New Jersey coastline with 80 mph winds Monday night and hurled an unprecedented 13-foot surge of seawater at New York City, flooding its tunnels, subway stations and the electrical system that powers Wall Street. At least 10 U.S. deaths were blamed on the storm, which brought the presidential campaign to a halt a week before Election Day.

For New York City at least, Sandy was not the dayslong onslaught many had feared, and the wind and rain that sent water sloshing into Manhattan from three sides began dying down within hours.

Still, the power was out for hundreds of thousands of New Yorkers and an estimated 5.2 million people altogether across the East. And the full extent of the storm's damage across the region was unclear, and unlikely to be known until daybreak.

In addition, heavy rain and further flooding remain major threats over the next couple of days as the storm makes its way into Pennsylvania and up into New York State. Near midnight, the center of the storm was just outside Philadelphia, and its winds were down to 75 mph, just barely hurricane strength.

"It was nerve-racking for a while, before the storm hit. Everything was rattling," said Don Schweikert, who owns a bed-and-breakfast in Cape May, N.J., near where Sandy roared ashore. "I don't see anything wrong, but I won't see everything until morning."

As the storm closed in, it converged with a cold-weather system that turned it into a superstorm, a monstrous hybrid consisting not only of rain and high wind but snow in West Virginia and other mountainous areas inland.

It smacked the boarded-up big cities of the Northeast corridor ? Washington, Baltimore, Philadelphia, New York and Boston ? with stinging rain and gusts of more than 85 mph.

Just before Sandy reached land, forecasters stripped it of hurricane status, but the distinction was purely technical, based on its shape and internal temperature. It still packed hurricane-force wind, and forecasters were careful to say it was still dangerous to the tens of millions in its path.

Sandy made landfall at 8 p.m. near Atlantic City, which was already mostly under water and saw an old, 50-foot piece of its world-famous Boardwalk washed away earlier in the day.

Authorities reported a record surge 13 feet high at the Battery at the southern tip of Manhattan, from the storm and high tide combined.

In an attempt to lessen damage from saltwater to the subway system and the electrical network beneath the city's financial district, New York City's main utility cut power to about 6,500 customers in lower Manhattan. But a far wider swath of the city was hit with blackouts caused by flooding and transformer explosions.

The city's transit agency said water surged into two major commuter tunnels, the Queens Midtown and the Brooklyn-Battery, and it cut power to some subway tunnels in lower Manhattan after water flowed into the stations and onto the tracks.

The subway system was shut down Sunday night, and the stock markets never opened Monday and are likely to be closed Tuesday as well.

The surge hit New York City hours after a construction crane atop a luxury high-rise collapsed in the wind and dangled precariously 74 floors above the street. Forecasters said the wind at the top the building may have been close to 95 mph.

As the storm drew near, airlines canceled more than 12,000 flights, disrupting the plans of travelers all over the world.

Storm damage was projected at $10 billion to $20 billion, meaning it could prove to be one of the costliest natural disasters in U.S. history.

Ten deaths were reported in New Jersey, New York, West Virginia, Pennsylvania and Connecticut. Some of the victims were killed by falling trees. At least one death was blamed on the storm in Canada.

President Barack Obama and Republican challenger Mitt Romney canceled their campaign appearances at the very height of the race, with just over a week to go before Election Day. The president pledged the government's help and made a direct plea from the White House to those in the storm's path.

"When they tell you to evacuate, you need to evacuate," he said. "Don't delay, don't pause, don't question the instructions that are being given, because this is a powerful storm."

Sandy, which killed 69 people in the Caribbean before making its way up the Atlantic, began to hook left at midday toward the New Jersey coast.

New Jersey Gov. Chris Christie said people were stranded in Atlantic City, which sits on a barrier island. He accused the mayor of allowing them to stay there. With the hurricane roaring through, Christie warned it was no longer safe for rescuers, and advised people who didn't evacuate the coast to "hunker down" until morning.

"I hope, I pray, that there won't be any loss of life because of it," he said.

While the hurricane's 90 mph winds registered as only a Category 1 on a scale of five, it packed "astoundingly low" barometric pressure, giving it terrific energy to push water inland, said Kerry Emanuel, a professor of meteorology at MIT.

And the New York metropolitan area apparently got the worst of it, because it was on the dangerous northeastern wall of the storm.

"We are looking at the highest storm surges ever recorded" in the Northeast, said Jeff Masters, meteorology director for Weather Underground, a private forecasting service. "The energy of the storm surge is off the charts, basically."

Hours before landfall, there was graphic evidence of the storm's power.

Off North Carolina, a replica of the 18th-century sailing ship HMS Bounty that was built for the 1962 Marlon Brando movie "Mutiny on the Bounty" went down in the storm, and 14 crew members were rescued by helicopter from rubber lifeboats bobbing in 18-foot seas. Another crew member was found hours later but was unresponsive. The captain was missing.

At Cape May, water sloshed over the seawall, and it punched through dunes in other seaside communities.

"When I think about how much water is already in the streets, and how much more is going to come with high tide tonight, this is going to be devastating," said Bob McDevitt, president of the main Atlantic City casino workers union. "I think this is going to be a really bad situation tonight."

In Maryland, at least 100 feet of a fishing pier at the beach resort of Ocean City was destroyed.

At least half a million people along the East Coast had been ordered to evacuate, including 375,000 from low-lying parts of New York City.

Sheila Gladden left her home in Philadelphia's flood-prone Eastwick neighborhood, which took on 5? feet of water during Hurricane Floyd in 1999, and headed for a hotel.

"I'm not going through this again," she said.

Those who stayed behind had few ways to get out.

Not only was the New York subway shut down, but the Holland Tunnel connecting New York to New Jersey was closed, as was a tunnel between Brooklyn and Manhattan. The Brooklyn Bridge, the George Washington Bridge, the Verrazano-Narrows Bridge and several other spans were closed because of high winds.

___

McClam reported from New York. AP Science Writer Seth Borenstein contributed to this report from Washington. Associated Press writers Allen G. Breed in Raleigh, N.C.; David Porter in Pompton Lakes, N.J.; Wayne Parry in Point Pleasant Beach, N.J.; and David Dishneau in Delaware also contributed.

Associated Press

Source: http://hosted2.ap.org/APDEFAULT/386c25518f464186bf7a2ac026580ce7/Article_2012-10-29-Superstorm%20Sandy/id-15b4bf789bb6430cbd6bafa6a2cc7a14

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Ancient Tsunami Devastated Lake Geneva Shoreline

The history of this event is actually quite interesting in itself. There are even ancient writers that describe it. One was Bishop Marius, the bishop of Avenches and later Lausanne (547-594), who was actually neighbor to this event.

In this year, the enormous mountain of Tauredunum in the territory of the Valais, collapsed so suddenly that it engulfed the neighboring fortress as well as the villages and all the inhabitants thereof. The lake was so engorged that along the length of 60 miles and width of 20 miles on both sides of the river there was great loss of life in the ancient towns, both of man and beast. It destroyed also many sanctuaries with the people and violently destroyed the bridge in Geneva, the mills and even penetrated into the city where many people died

(Quick translation from P.C. Basilii anno XXII. Ind. XI) What the mountain 'Tauredunum' corresponds too in modern geographical terms is somewhat disputed.

Source: http://rss.slashdot.org/~r/Slashdot/slashdotScience/~3/NZzDJEqB15M/ancient-tsunami-devastated-lake-geneva-shoreline

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Assistant Professor Position: Drawing and Painting | Education

School of Art, Design and Media Nanyang Technological University, Singapore Faculty Position in Drawing and Painting The School of Art, Design and Media (ADM) at Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, invites qualified academics to apply for a faculty position as Assistant Professor. Candidates with expertise in one or both of the following areas are encouraged to apply: 1) Traditional Drawing Include topics such as: life drawing, perspective rendition, drawing from observation, drawing from reference, sourcing reference, drawing from imagination, sequential drawing, drawing using a wide range of media, drawing within an Asian context, etc. 2) Applied Drawing Include topics such as: drawing for idea development, drawing for design, drawing in visual thinking, drawing within a digital workflow, drawing for animation, character drawing, etc. Applicants should possess a strong background in university-level teaching, including mentoring of final year undergraduate student projects and graduate student thesis projects. The successful applicant should have a terminal MFA or PhD. In lieu of an advanced degree, he or she must possess exhibition, performance, screening or related professional experience in his or her area of expertise commensurate with appointment at the Assistant Professor level. International applicants with a background in transdisciplinary and multicultural practice and research are also encouraged. The successful candidate is expected to maintain an active research/creative production profile, as well as a commitment to teaching and service in the form of administration and committee participation. An open, collaborative approach and willingness to work across areas and departments of the school and university is a priority. The school has excellent facilities, and there are many opportunities for creative work and funded research. Currently, ADM offers a four-year BFA program with six concentrations ? Digital Animation, Digital Filmmaking, Digital Photography, Visual Communication, Interactive Media, and Product Design. It is developing a BA in Art History and has started a PhD in Art, Design and Media. ADM?s programs embrace imagination, innovation, and critical thinking within a strongly multicultural and global context, and they foster individual authorship as well as collaboration and cooperation among diverse fields and constituencies. Undergraduate students at ADM follow a one year Foundation programme during which they are introduced to key disciplines in art history and theory, 2D design, 3D form, 4D time-based media and drawing. The successful candidate will be expected to work closely with this programme and to liaise with the six majors of the school in the ongoing development of curricula. The salary offered will commensurate with experience and qualifications. Information on emoluments and general terms and conditions of service is available on the University website. Further information about the University and the School can be viewed at the following websites: NTU : www.ntu.edu.sg ADM : www.ntu.edu.sg/adm To apply, please refer to the Guidelines for Submitting an Application for Faculty Appointment ( http://www.ntu.edu.sg/ohr/Career/SubmitApplications/Pages/Faculty.aspx) and send your application package [consisting of cover letter, curriculum vitae, personal particulars form, teaching statement, research statement, names and addresses of at least three references (do not send letters of recommendation or placement files), and evidence of work in the field. The evidence may be in the form of DVDs, CDs, websites, and scanned copies (text)] to: The Search Committee School of Art, Design and Media Nanyang Technological University 81 Nanyang Drive, Level 3 Singapore 637458 Email: [email protected] Applications must be clearly marked ?Assistant Professor Position: Drawing and Painting, School of Art Design and Media?. Electronic submission of application is encouraged. Closing date for applications: 30 November 2012. The successful candidate is expected to assume duty after August 2013.

Related posts:

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  2. Assistant Professor Position: Drawing and Painting
  3. Full-time Faculty Position in Painting and Drawing at the School of the Art Institute of
  4. Job Opening ? Assistant Professor of Art History (10/2012)
  5. Assistant or Associate Professor ? Art History | JOBS: Arts Education

Source: http://www.earic.com/art-education/drawing-arts-education/assistant-professor-position-drawing-and-painting-3.html

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Video: Thousands of flights canceled as storm advances

Sorry, Readability was unable to parse this page for content.

Source: http://video.msnbc.msn.com/nightly-news/49603205/

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Ecotality loses legal challenge to California's settlement with NRG

A California appellate court judge has dismissed a lawsuit against California Public Utilities Commission (CPUC) for its legal settlement earlier this year granting energy utility NRG more than $102.5 million to install electric vehicle charging networks in the state. Ecotality, an electric vehicle supply equipment company, had filed suit in May challenging CPUC for settling with NRG and its subsidiary Dynergy for its part in the 2000-2001 energy scandal. California went after Dynergy for doing something similar to the infamous and now defunct Enron ? dramatically overcharging Californians for electricity. A background article on all this is available here.

Ecotality's suit called into question the legal reasoning behind CPUC's decision to hold Dynergy accountable for overcharging consumers by taking away competitive and fair opportunities from other EVSE suppliers. Ecotality filed suit to stop the state from allowing out-of-state utility NRG to install its eVgo charger network and create a monopoly. The CPUC settlement allows NRG to install 200 480-volt fast chargers, wire 1,000 locations to be EV ready and set up the groundwork for up to 10,000 Level 2 charging stations. Most of the fast chargers will be set up between San Francisco and Los Angeles.

Under the NRG charging network, charging stations will be set up on a pay-as-you-go basis for the first five years. For fast chargers, users will be billed a cap of $10 to charge during off-peak hours and $15 for on-peak hours. Elsewhere, NRG has been able to charge users a monthly subscription fee, like eVgo is doing in Texas.

California doesn't have many fast chargers in place right now, and EV advocates have been clamoring for more installations of DC fast and Level 2 public chargers. Despite the dismissal, Ecotality won't be leaving the state over it. "While we are disappointed and disagree with the outcome of this case, we continue to see great opportunity for Ecotality and the whole of the electric vehicle industry in California," the company said in a statement.

Source: http://green.autoblog.com/2012/10/28/ecotality-loses-legal-challenge-to-california-s-settlement-with/

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Monday, October 29, 2012

Taylor Swift to co-host Grammy nominations in Nashville

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This Antique Skull Watch Ticks Down To Your Inevitable Demise

During the past couple of centuries, it hasn't been uncommon to design a clock or watch in a way that reminds you of your own morality, "memento mori." This silver skull watch from the late 18th century is a particularly well-made—and morbid—example. More »


Source: http://feeds.gawker.com/~r/gizmodo/full/~3/0PurNHGJmiM/this-antique-skull-watch-ticks-down-to-your-inevitable-demise

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Saudi authorities disperse anti-Assad protest in Mecca

MECCA (Reuters) - Saudi authorities quickly dispersed a protest by hundreds of Syrian pilgrims calling for the fall of Syrian President Bashar al-Assad and denouncing what they said was international failure to stop bloodshed in Syria, a Reuters witness said.

Protesters held up rebel flags and marched toward the Jamarat Bridge in Mina, east of the Saudi Arabian city of Mecca, where more than 3 million Muslim pilgrims congregated for the annual haj.

No one was hurt when two police vehicles drove slowly in the direction of the protesters with the sirens on as the officers asked the crowd through loudspeakers to leave the area. The protesters swiftly dispersed and merged with thousands of other pilgrims in the area, the witness said.

Saudi officials made it clear in recent days that they want a politics-free pilgrimage and urged pilgrims to focus on performing the rituals.

The haj pilgrimage is one of the Muslim faith's so-called five pillars and a religious duty for all Muslims that must be carried out at least once in their lifetime if they are capable. It started on Wednesday and ends on Tuesday.

This year's haj took place against a backdrop of divisions among Muslims, with Shi'ite Iran and U.S.-allied Sunni countries such as Saudi Arabia, Turkey and Qatar backing opposing sides in Syria's civil war.

Saudi Arabia has led Arab efforts to isolate President Bashar al-Assad's government and has supported the rebels with money and logistics.

At the protest, dozens of security guards already deployed in the area stood by without interfering.

"Syria lives forever despite of you Assad," the protesters shouted as the streamed by a giant wall at Jamarat Bridge used for the ritual stoning of the devil, one of the main rites of the haj.

Another slogan went: "We don't want Bashar, all Syrians raise your arms up!"

The Syrian crisis also was evident at Mount Arafat, scene for the haj's main rites, on Thursday when some Syrians held up rebel flags despite a call by Saudi Arabia's grand mufti to avoid raising national and factional slogans.

"We want to make our voices heard because no one seems to listen to us," a man identified as Sabri, 27, a Syrian who lives in Saudi Arabia, said as he held up the rebels' black, white and green flag.

"This is not a political protest. It's more of a humanitarian demonstration because the Syrian question has become a humanitarian one."

The imam of Mecca's Grand Mosque called on Arabs and Muslims on Friday to take "practical and urgent" steps to stop bloodshed in Syria, which has killed some 30,000 people, and urged world states to assume their moral responsibility toward the conflict.

Saudi Arabia has instructed its embassies to issue haj permits for Syrian refugees in Jordan, Lebanon and Turkey, but most of the Syrians who made it to Mecca were those who live in the Gulf Arab region.

(Reporting by Dubai Newsroom; Editing by Bill Trott)

Source: http://news.yahoo.com/saudi-authorities-disperse-anti-assad-protest-mecca-010822538.html

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GSK starts final-stage tests on severe asthma drug

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Reseller Web Hosting | My Six Strings Blog

Shared world wide web internet hosting is huge dough. The usa on your own consists of tens and many hundreds of shared word wide web internet hosting companies. You?ll find it a very profitable home business, due to the fact that close to everyone seeks to established a web site someday within their everyday life. And then the greater part of these decide for shared internet hosting since it happens to be low cost and simple. Numerous later on update to VPS or focused, yet, given that they grown to be dissatisfied with their shared expert services, which explains why you?ll want to be acquainted with the two the professionals of downsides of shared web site internet hosting just before you shell out an individual greenback for it.

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What tends to make shared internet internet hosting so captivating is its outrageously reasonably priced value. Any one can put in place store internet for as minor as $3 for every thirty day period, or close to $36 for each yr, not like domain registration rates and taxes, not surprisingly. Other internet hosting alternate options, this kind of as VPS and committed internet hosting, amount greater than $36 for each thirty day period, allow on your own annually.

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You obtain that which you purchase with the website internet hosting earth. Once you purchase an inexpensive shared internet hosting program, you happen to be in all likelihood heading to seek out all by yourself with particularly minimal space for storing and bandwidth. Head you, when your web page will likely be rather compact, this should not lead to you any dilemmas. However, if you propose for it to develop, the shared server could grow to be a challenge.

Professional: Fairly simple To make use of

With shared net internet hosting, the supplier handles all control obligations, as well as the set up and upkeep belonging to the running product, protection software system, databases and server modules (Apache). The constrained features readily available for you might possibly be accessed by means of a particularly easy-to-use graphical User interface.

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Not being forced to fear about server administration can even be considered an awful problem, in particular if staying equipped to pick a certain running procedure and server computer software is important for the enterprise wants. Also, you can?t put in personalized protection applications, which means the safety of the web page lies only inside the provider?s palms.

Professional: Superior quality Guidance

Shared internet hosting companies frequently produce 24/7 technical guidance by e-mail, mobile, chat or every one of the higher than. This implies at any time you face a difficulty, you should have only generate a ticket and then the supplier will solve it in your case. This is often particularly valuable for people with restricted technical experience.

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Not all hosts are equivalent. It truly is smart to check out a host?s prospect and technical guidance popularity in advance of signing up, on the grounds that some companies deliver atrocious guidance. For making issues even worse, some suppliers refuse to aid matters not instantly correlated to internet hosting, like as concerns with third-party purposes like WordPress.

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Shared world-wide-web internet hosting are generally exceptionally effective to online business entrepreneurs and specific business people who will be with an enormously restricted funds. In the past leaping right into an approach, yet, choose enough time to perform good study. Examine comments. Simply call the supplier and consult issues. And many importantly, opt for high-quality about worth. The right shared internet hosting options charge a little bit alot more wealth, although the positive factors considerably outweigh the lack of some supplemental bucks.

For more information on Specifics Of Windows Reseller Online Internet Hosting: World-wide-web Hosting On Shared Reseller Accounts, in your free time please browse to What It?S Best To Find Out About Mobile Internet Hosting.

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Source: http://mysixstringsblog.com/reseller-web-hosting/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=reseller-web-hosting

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Sunday, October 28, 2012

Uncertainty of future South Pacific Island rainfall explained

Uncertainty of future South Pacific Island rainfall explained [ Back to EurekAlert! ] Public release date: 28-Oct-2012
[ | E-mail | Share Share ]

Contact: Gisela Speidel
gspeidel@hawaii.edu
808-956-9252
University of Hawaii ? SOEST

With greenhouse warming, rainfall in the South Pacific islands will depend on two competing effects an increase due to overall warming and a decrease due to changes in atmospheric water transport according to a study by an international team of scientists around Matthew Widlansky and Axel Timmermann at the International Pacific Research Center, University of Hawaii at Manoa. In the South Pacific, the study shows, these two effects sometimes cancel each other out, resulting in highly uncertain rainfall projections. Results of the study are published in the 28 October online issue of Nature Climate Change.

The largest rainband in the Southern Hemisphere the South Pacific Convergence Zone (SPCZ) is the main source of rainfall for South Pacific island nations. Changes in this rainfall band would have severe consequences for the vulnerable island nations already having to adapt to accelerating sea level rise. Yet, very little is known about how this 8,000-km-long climate feature will respond to greenhouse warming.

"One reason why the SPCZ projections are so elusive is that many climate models are notoriously poor in simulating this important rainband, even under present-day climate conditions," says Postdoctoral Fellow Widlansky at the International Pacific Research Center. "We were able to overcome some model shortcomings in simulating South Pacific climate by removing model deviations from observed sea surface temperatures."

With the resulting improvements in climate model performance, Widlansky, Timmermann, and colleagues could identify two competing mechanisms affecting rainfall trends in the South Pacific.

"We have known for some time that rising tropical temperatures will lead to more water vapor in the atmosphere," explains Timmermann, professor of oceanography at the International Pacific Research Center and the University of Hawaii at Manoa. "Abundant moisture tends to bring about heavier rainfall in regions of converging winds such as the SPCZ." Scientists refer to this as the "wet gets wetter" climate change mechanism.

"Nearly all climate change model simulations, however, suggest the equatorial Pacific will warm faster than the SPCZ region. This uneven warming is likely to pull the rainband away from its normal position, causing drying in the Southwest Pacific and more equatorial rainfall," Timmerman goes on to say. The study refers to this as the "warmest gets wetter" mechanism.

Widlansky adds, "When we evaluated the latest climate change experiments being conducted by international climate modeling groups, we saw that these competing mechanisms are the cause for uncertainty in the SPCZ rainfall projections."

The scientists found that depending upon the degree of tropical warming expected this century, one or the other mechanism is more likely to win out. With moderate warming, weaker sea surface temperature gradients are likely to shift the rainband towards the equator, potentially causing drying during summer for most Southwest Pacific island nations. For much higher warming possible by the end of this century, the net effect of the opposing mechanisms is likely a shift towards more rainfall for the South Pacific islands.

"To be more definite in our projections, however, we need more extensive observations in the South Pacific of how clouds and rainfall form and how they respond to such climate phenomena as El Nio. Before we have more confidence in our calculations of the delicate balance between the two climate change mechanisms, we need to be able to simulate cloud formations more realistically," says Timmermann.

###

Citation: Widlansky, M. J., Timmermann A., Stein K., McGregor S., Schneider N., England M. H., Lengaigne M., & Cai W. (2012): Changes in South Pacific rainfall bands in a warming climate. Nature Climate Change. [DOI: 10.1038/NCLIMATE1726] (Advance Online Publication)

Weblink to summary at http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/NCLIMATE1726.

Funding came from the U.S. Department of Energy, Grant DEFG02-07ER64469; US National Science Foundation, Grant 1049219, and the institutional grants of the International Pacific Research Center (JAMSTEC, NASA, and NOAA).

Researcher contacts: Matthew J. Widlansky, mwidlans@hawaii.edu, 808-956-2822 Axel Timmermann, axel@hawaii.edu, 808-956-2720

International Pacific Research Center Media Contact: Gisela E. Speidel (808)956?9252; Email gspeidel@hawaii.edu.


[ Back to EurekAlert! ] [ | E-mail | Share Share ]

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Uncertainty of future South Pacific Island rainfall explained [ Back to EurekAlert! ] Public release date: 28-Oct-2012
[ | E-mail | Share Share ]

Contact: Gisela Speidel
gspeidel@hawaii.edu
808-956-9252
University of Hawaii ? SOEST

With greenhouse warming, rainfall in the South Pacific islands will depend on two competing effects an increase due to overall warming and a decrease due to changes in atmospheric water transport according to a study by an international team of scientists around Matthew Widlansky and Axel Timmermann at the International Pacific Research Center, University of Hawaii at Manoa. In the South Pacific, the study shows, these two effects sometimes cancel each other out, resulting in highly uncertain rainfall projections. Results of the study are published in the 28 October online issue of Nature Climate Change.

The largest rainband in the Southern Hemisphere the South Pacific Convergence Zone (SPCZ) is the main source of rainfall for South Pacific island nations. Changes in this rainfall band would have severe consequences for the vulnerable island nations already having to adapt to accelerating sea level rise. Yet, very little is known about how this 8,000-km-long climate feature will respond to greenhouse warming.

"One reason why the SPCZ projections are so elusive is that many climate models are notoriously poor in simulating this important rainband, even under present-day climate conditions," says Postdoctoral Fellow Widlansky at the International Pacific Research Center. "We were able to overcome some model shortcomings in simulating South Pacific climate by removing model deviations from observed sea surface temperatures."

With the resulting improvements in climate model performance, Widlansky, Timmermann, and colleagues could identify two competing mechanisms affecting rainfall trends in the South Pacific.

"We have known for some time that rising tropical temperatures will lead to more water vapor in the atmosphere," explains Timmermann, professor of oceanography at the International Pacific Research Center and the University of Hawaii at Manoa. "Abundant moisture tends to bring about heavier rainfall in regions of converging winds such as the SPCZ." Scientists refer to this as the "wet gets wetter" climate change mechanism.

"Nearly all climate change model simulations, however, suggest the equatorial Pacific will warm faster than the SPCZ region. This uneven warming is likely to pull the rainband away from its normal position, causing drying in the Southwest Pacific and more equatorial rainfall," Timmerman goes on to say. The study refers to this as the "warmest gets wetter" mechanism.

Widlansky adds, "When we evaluated the latest climate change experiments being conducted by international climate modeling groups, we saw that these competing mechanisms are the cause for uncertainty in the SPCZ rainfall projections."

The scientists found that depending upon the degree of tropical warming expected this century, one or the other mechanism is more likely to win out. With moderate warming, weaker sea surface temperature gradients are likely to shift the rainband towards the equator, potentially causing drying during summer for most Southwest Pacific island nations. For much higher warming possible by the end of this century, the net effect of the opposing mechanisms is likely a shift towards more rainfall for the South Pacific islands.

"To be more definite in our projections, however, we need more extensive observations in the South Pacific of how clouds and rainfall form and how they respond to such climate phenomena as El Nio. Before we have more confidence in our calculations of the delicate balance between the two climate change mechanisms, we need to be able to simulate cloud formations more realistically," says Timmermann.

###

Citation: Widlansky, M. J., Timmermann A., Stein K., McGregor S., Schneider N., England M. H., Lengaigne M., & Cai W. (2012): Changes in South Pacific rainfall bands in a warming climate. Nature Climate Change. [DOI: 10.1038/NCLIMATE1726] (Advance Online Publication)

Weblink to summary at http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/NCLIMATE1726.

Funding came from the U.S. Department of Energy, Grant DEFG02-07ER64469; US National Science Foundation, Grant 1049219, and the institutional grants of the International Pacific Research Center (JAMSTEC, NASA, and NOAA).

Researcher contacts: Matthew J. Widlansky, mwidlans@hawaii.edu, 808-956-2822 Axel Timmermann, axel@hawaii.edu, 808-956-2720

International Pacific Research Center Media Contact: Gisela E. Speidel (808)956?9252; Email gspeidel@hawaii.edu.


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Source: http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2012-10/uoh-uof102412.php

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